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Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction, Third Edition

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Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction, Third Edition

Offering practical advice and tips for novices and experienced professionals, this book employs clear, lucid, and reasoned scientific arguments to provide the tools to guide and focus any investigative effort.

By Tom Bevel,

Ross M. Gardner,

ISBN: 9781420052688

Retail price: $135.95   $97.95

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Includes new chapters on bloodstain pattern classification, experimentation, anatomical issues, and other topics

  • Illustrates the relationship between bloodstain analysis and crime scene reconstruction
  • Provides additional full color photographs, more than double the number of the last edition
  • Includes new input from both a top medical examiner and a serology expert

    Explains the scientific methodology for bloodstain pattern analysis and crime scene reconstruction

    Objective establishment of the truth is the goal of any good crime scene investigator. This demands a consideration of all evidence available using proven scientific methodologies to establish objective snapshots of the crime. The majority of forensic disciplines shed light on the “who” of a crime, bloodstain pattern analysis is one of the most important disciplines to address “what” happened. Understanding the discipline, its underlying scientific basis, and how best to apply this knowledge is crucial in the investigator’s quest for the truth.


    A holistic approach to crime scene evaluation

    Internationally known experts in crime scene analysis, Tom Bevel and Ross M. Gardner explore bloodstain pattern analysis in depth, explaining what it is, how it is used, and the practical methodologies employed to achieve defensible results.

    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction, Third Edition—

    ·         Presents a specific and detailed taxonomy of bloodstain pattern characteristics

    ·         Offers a full-color fold-out Decision Map to guide analysts through the classification process

    ·         Uses full-color photos and diagrams to illustrate concepts

    ·         Describes the theory, principles, and methodology for crime scene reconstruction

    ·         Details proven, applicable scientific methodologies

    ·         Emphasizes observable and reproducible results to mitigate accusations of subjectivity in evidence and testimony

    ·         Provides more than 60% new or significantly revised information


    Offering practical advice and tips for novices and experienced professionals, this book employs clear, lucid, and reasoned scientific arguments to provide the tools to guide and focus any investigative effort.


    Captain Tom Bevel is a 27-year veteran of the Oklahoma City Police Department, retiring in 1996 as Commander of the Homicide, Robbery, Missing Persons, and Unsolved Homicide units. He is held in high esteem as a qualified expert in crime scene reconstruction and bloodstain pattern analysis in state, federal, and foreign courts. His knowledge and expertise as a crime scene consultant has been sought after in 45 US states and 11 foreign countries. He owns a forensic education and consulting company in his home state of Oklahoma.


    Ross M. Gardner retired as a Command Sergeant Major and Special Agent in 1999 after serving a total of 24 years in US Army law enforcement. Certified by the International Association for Identification as a Senior Crime Analyst for the past 16 years, Gardner is an active instructor and consultant throughout the United States in crime scene analysis, bloodstain pattern analysis, and crime scene investigation.

    Table of Contents
    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Its Function and a Historical Perspective
    The Function of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
    Historical Perspective of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence
    Early Scientific References
    Modern Works in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
    Bloodstain Pattern Terminology
    Referring to the Discipline
    General Terms Relating to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
    Angle of Impact
    (Arterial) Spurt/Gush
    Atomized Blood/Misting
    Blood into Blood Patterns
    Blowback Effect
    Capillary Action
    Cast-Off Patterns
    Clot
    Contact Stain
    Directionality
    Directional Angle
    Drip/Drip Trail
    Expectorate Spatter/Blood
    Flow
    Fly Spot
    Impact Site
    Non-Spatter Stains
    Origin/Area of Origin
    Parent Stain
    Pattern Transfer
    Primary Stain
    Ricochet Stain
    Satellite Stain/Spatter
    Saturation Stain
    Shadowing/Ghosting/Void
    Skeletonized Stain/Skeletonization
    Smear
    Spatter Stains
    Spines
    Swipe
    Wipe
    Bloodstain Classification
    Classification vs. Overall Opinion
    Classification vs. Definition
    Why a Taxonomic Classification System?
    A Taxonomic Classification System for Bloodstains
    The Spatter Family
    Category: Spatter
    Category: Linear Spatter
    Category: Spurt
    Category: Cast-Off
    Category: Drip Trail
    Category: Non-Linear Spatter
    Category: Impact Pattern
    Category: Expectorate Spatter
    Category: Drips
    The Non-Spatter Family
    Category: Non-Spatter
    Category: Irregular Margin
    Category: Gush/Splash
    Category: Blood into Blood
    Category: Smear
    Category: Wipe
    Category: Swipe
    Category: Regular Margin
    Category: Pattern Transfer
    Category: Pool
    Category: Saturation
    Category: Flow
    Complex Patterns
    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Decision Map
    Altered Stains and the Decision Map
    Practical Application of Taxonomy and Decision Map
    Applying the Decision Map with Other Bloodstain Pattern Classification Systems
    Low, Medium, and High Velocity
    Spatter, Non-Spatter
    Passive, Spatter, Altered
    Passive, Transfer, Projected/Dynamic
    A Methodology for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
    Scientific Method
    A Practical Methodology for Applying Scientific Method
    Step 1: Become Familiar with the Entire Scene
    Step 2: Identify Discrete Patterns
    Step 3: Classify the Patterns
    Step 4: Evaluate Aspects of Directionality and Motion for the Pattern
    Step 5: Evaluate Point of Convergence and Area of Origin
    Step 6: Evaluate Interrelationships among Patterns and Other Evidence
    Step 7: Evaluate Viable Source Events in an Effort to Explain the Pattern
    Step 8: Define a Best Explanation Given the Data
    Applying the Methodology in Different Environments
    Active Scenes
    Released Scenes
    Cold Case Scenes
    The Medium of Blood
    Spatter Droplet Dynamics
    Spatter Drop Dynamics on Impact
    Contact/Collapse
    Displacement
    Dispersion
    Retraction
    Liquid-to-Liquid Impacts
    Blood Behavior When Exposed to Different Mechanisms
    Blood Dispersed through the Air as a Function of Gravity
    Blood Dispersed from a Point Source
    Blood Ejected from an Object in Motion
    Blood Ejected in Volume under Pressure
    Blood That Accumulates and/or Flows on a Surface
    Blood Deposited through Transfer
    Anatomical Considerations in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, M. Ferenc
    Introduction
    Blood Cells and Plasma
    Coagulation and Hemostasis
    The Circulatory System and Shock
    Non-Traumatic Causes of Bleeding
    Traumatic Pathology
    Firearm Injuries
    Sharp Force Injuries
    Blunt Injuries
    The Forensic Pathologist as a Resource
    The Author
    Determining Motion and Directionality
    General Sequence of Events
    Droplet Directionality
    Recognizing Blood Trail Motion
    Determining Motion from Wipes and Swipes
    Repetitive Pattern Transfers
    Flows
    Determining the Point of Convergence and the Area of Origin
    Identify Well-Formed Stains in the Pattern
    Identify Directionality of the Stains
    Identify Point of Convergence for the Pattern
    Identify Impact Angles for the Stains
    Stain Measurement
    Combine the Information to Establish an Area of Origin
    Graphing Points of Origin
    Defining Area of Origin with the Tangent Function
    Three-Dimensional Evaluations of Area of Origin
    Stringing Scenes
    Forensic Software Applications
    How Many Stains Are Enough?
    Automation Efficiency or Precision — An Important Distinction
    Limitations in Area of Origin Evaluations
    Evaluating Impact Spatter Bloodstains
    Methods of Description
    Understanding the Concept of Preponderant Stain Size
    Impact Droplet Size
    Pattern Configuration and Dispersion in Impacts
    Spatter Resulting from Gunshots
    Gunshot Spatter — Forward Spatter and Back Spatter
    Size Ranges of Gunshot Spatter
    Kinetic Energy, Wound Cavitation, and the Creation of Gunshot Spatter
    Double Shot Impact Events
    Gunshot Pattern Shapes and Dispersion
    Expectorate Blood
    Fly Spots
    Understanding and Applying Characteristic Patterns of Blood
    Impact Patterns
    Cast-Off Stains
    Projected Blood — Spurt and Gush Patterns
    Expectorate Patterns
    Drips and Drip Trails
    Pattern Transfers
    Flow Patterns
    Pools
    Wipes, Swipes, and Contact
    Blood into Blood
    Altered Stains
    Voids
    Clotting
    Drying Time of Blood
    Dilution
    Bloodstained Clothing Issues
    Applying Good Clothing Documentation Procedures
    Overcoming Poor Collection/Documentation Procedures
    Distinguishing Contact from Spatter on Fabric
    Directionality and Impact Angle Issues on Fabric
    Pattern Transfer Issues
    Clothing Documentation
    Presumptive Testing and Enhancement of Blood, C. Marie
    Presumptive Tests
    Benzidines
    Triarylmethanes
    Luminol
    Choosing a Reagent
    Genetic Testing Considerations
    Formulations
    Hemastix™
    Hemastix™ Procedure
    Preparing Phenolphthalein, Leucomalachite Green, and o-Tolidine
    Phenolphthalein Solution
    Leucomalachite Green Solution
    o-Tolidine Solution
    Testing Procedure Using Phenolphthalein, Leucomalachite Green, and the o-Tolidine Solutions
    Interpretation
    Searching for and Enhancing Latent Blood
    Leucocrystal Violet (LCV) Preparation
    Alternate LCV Reagent Preparation Method
    Fluorescin Spraying Solution Preparation
    Fluorescin in Alcohol Preparation
    Fluorescin in Water Preparation
    Luminol
    Reagent Preparation
    Alternate Reagent Preparation
    Safety Considerations
    Procedure for Using Luminol, LCV, and Fluorescin
    Protein Stains
    Photo-Documentation
    Interpretation
    Confirmation of Blood
    Immunoassay Confirmation of Blood
    Documenting Bloodstains
    The Function of Documentation
    Collection
    Bloodstain Pattern Photography
    Scene and Pattern Sketches
    Written Reports
    A Spatter Pattern Description/Conclusion
    A Blood Pool Description/Conclusion
    A Pattern Transfer Description/Conclusion
    A Complex Pattern Description/Conclusion
    An Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction and Analysis
    Crime Scene Analysis and the Archeologist’s Dilemma
    A History of Crime Scene Analysis
    The Correlation of Crime Scene Analysis to Behavioral Analysis
    The Application of Scientific Method in the Reconstruction Process
    Theory and Principles of Crime Scene Analysis
    Locard’s Principle of Exchange
    Nicolas Steno’s Principle of Superposition
    Nicolas Steno’s Principle of Lateral Continuity
    Chronology
    A Methodology for Crime Scene Analysis — Event Analysis
    Putting the Pieces Together
    Presenting Evidence
    Understanding the Nature and Content of Daubert or Similar Challenges
    Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993)
    Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)
    U.S. Federal Rule 702
    Responding to Daubert or Similar Challenges
    What Is Bloodstain Pattern Analysis?
    What Is the Purpose of a Bloodstain Pattern Analysis?
    What Principles Apply to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis?
    What Is the Methodology Used in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis?
    Where Has Blood Pattern Analysis Been Accepted in Judicial Settings and within the Scientific Community?
    What Scientific Studies Have Been Published in Peer Review Journals?
    Are There Professional Associations That Recognize Bloodstain Pattern Analysis?
    Is There an Identified Error Rate for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis?
    General Concerns for Testifying
    Maintaining Objectivity
    Settling in and Establishing a First Impression
    Understanding Cross-Examination
    Using Demonstrative Aids in Court
    Building Demonstrative Presentations Using Computer Resources
    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Software Applications
    Experimentation in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
    Considerations for the Design and Conduct of Experiments in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
    Identify the Investigative Question
    Initial Observation and Information Gathering
    Identify Variables and Form a Hypothesis
    Design a Functional Experiment to Test Your Hypothesis
    Obtain Materials and Equipment
    Conduct the Experiment and Record the Data
    Analyze and Summarize Results
    State the Best Explanation
    Maintaining a Reality Check, Comparing against the Crime Scene
    Experimental Errors
    Pitfalls to Experimentation and Reconstruction Attempts
    Case Example 1— “Painted Fibers”
    Case Experiment 2 — An Odd Impact Spatter
    Case Experiment 3 — Spatter or No Spatter
    Experiments vs. Demonstrations
    Dealing with the Risk of Bloodborne Pathogens
    Bloodborne Diseases
    Crime Scene Considerations
    Dealing with Accidental Exposures
    Packaging Biohazard Evidence
    Exposure Risks in Training and Experimentation
    Other Sources of Information on Managing Bloodborne Pathogen Risks
    Appendix A: Weight/Measurement Conversion Table
    Appendix B: Trigonometric Functions and Their Application in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
    Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits
    Index


    Publication Date: 4/8/2008
    Number of Pages: 440

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